Ancient excavations in Urartu have revealed a wealth of new material that must command the closest attention of all concerned with eastern Asiatic archaeology. In the field of architecture alone the tempo of discovery has been exceptional, and we can now survey whole new patterns of town, palace, temple, and military architecture that call for further study. Not the least important of these developments has been the dramatic recovery of a distinct and satisfying form of tower temple of almost as much interest to the Achaemenian, as to the Urartian, excavator. Whereas we knew only one Urartian tower temple imperfectly some fifteen years ago, a whole series of such monuments is now available for study. Not all have been published in detail as yet, but the few that have been would seem to serve as adequate models for the rest. Since this new Urartian form was first recognized several scholars have discussed possible reconstructions and almost all of them have attempted at one time or another to link the newly excavated form with the relief of the Musasir temple found at Khorsabad. 1 But, remarkably enough, almost nothing has been said about the strong architectural parallels that exist between the newly- excavated tower temples of Urartu and the Achaemenian tower temples found at Pasargadae and Naqsh-i-Rustam.