Zoroastrian Instructions on the Methods of Animal Sacrifice in the Sasanian Period
ziba
Khoshbakht
Home
author
text
article
2022
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As a part of religious and mythical customs, sacrificing was common among ancient nations and civilizations, and it has undergone some changes over time. The changes created in this religion, due to the motive of the person who makes sacrifices based on his/her own identity, underwent less change, and most of the changes have occurred in the course of practice and the quality of performing the sacrifice. The ritual of sacrifice in Zoroastrian religion in the Sasanian period was held along with special ceremonies and different methods in religious festivities and customs, funeral ceremonies, wars, etc. with the participation of the royal family, people and clergies. Studying the ways of sacrificing animals from Zoroastrians’ view in the Sasanian period is one of the important purposes of this survey; studying these ways provides different concepts from Zoroaster’s attitude toward the victim. This survey is done based on the descriptive-analytical method and the results of the research have been compiled through library studies, the written primary resources and the works of the researchers on Zoroastrian studies. The way of sacrificing the animals in the Sasanian period was in the form of beating the animal’s neck, anesthetizing it and using a sharp knife. Zoroaster disagreed with the excessiveness in making sacrifices and violent behaviors against the animals during the ceremony. However, due to the holiness and oldness, the custom of sacrifice persisted in common beliefs in the Sasanian period, but the methods of performing it have changed over time; so it has been customary in the Zoroastrian society until now.
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
v.
2
no.
2022
1
30
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147319_638f0896bd1b102a261e5f7199f00c61.pdf
German Research on the Ancient Near East and Its Relation to Political and Economic Interests from Kaiserreich to World War II
maryam
kashefnia
مدیر مسئول
author
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article
2022
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The importance of ancient history and archaeology for the construction of national identities has repeatedly been stressed in recent years. This essay addresses the question of the importance of Ancient Near Eastern studies in Germany from 1870 to 1945. It is argued that this seemingly apolitical research developed hand in hand with the economic and political as well as cultural interests prevalent in Wilhelmian Germany. After World War I, this concern, for various ideological and political reasons, gave way to a reorientation toward ancient Greece. During the Nazi regime, the auspices for the study of the Ancient Near East changed again. Here it was put to use for the devaluation of the Semitic people and glorification of Aryan history. But whatever ideological stance was taken toward the Ancient Near East, its research remained a very important vehicle in international relations and a factor for German influence in the region.Key words:Iran, German,History,Arceology, Relation , Political
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
v.
2
no.
2022
30
67
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147392_40c01a232e5bf27e9fa4a125786879eb.pdf
Economic Participation of Non-royal Women in the Achaemenid Period according to Persepolis Tablets
Fereshteh Alsadat
Hosseini Bojdani
Graduated from the Department of History and Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
author
Behrokh
Jamali
Graduated from the Department of History and Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
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2022
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The information about Achaemenid women based on the works of Greek authors, Persepolis treasury and fortification tablets involves some objects such as seals and statues which are not only a few, but also most of them are related to the position of the queens and royal women. Meanwhile, less attention has been paid to non-royal women as a significant part of the Achaemind society. The present survey, aiming to study the economic participation of non-royal women in the Achaemenid period according to Persepolis tablets, is going to answer the basic question that “What were the non-royal women’s jobs in Achaemenid society?” In this survey, 49 tablets, out of 161 studied tablets, relating to the women’s job and salary information are presented separately in the tables 1 and 2. We have come to some conclusions by collecting data through library research and using functionalism theory and descriptive-analytic method. Considering the two factors of having a job and receiving salary, the survey’s findings indicate that women participated in different occupations and various job categories based on their expertise and abilities, and for every job they did, they received specific amount of ration including barely, beer and rarely meat and sometimes, the salary was in the form of silver.
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
v.
2
no.
2022
68
101
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147393_57be86498483f43976b8450e644588c7.pdf
fire temples; With an approach to the three fire temples of Iran: Burzin Mehr, Farnbagh and
Goshensp
Tayebeh
Khajeh
Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bahonar University, Kerman
author
text
article
2022
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In Iran, the emergence of fier lies in the heart of mythological narratives and its source dates back to distant times and the evolution of the universe. In addition to the presence of fire in life, there was a place for protection and people for nursing fire, who knew it as the son, light and essence of Ahura. The passing of the ages increased the authority and endurance of this place to the extent that the identity and status of its servants and founders increased and fire temples suitable for social classes appeared. In this descriptive-analytical research based on the library method, we try to find out the origin, dynamics and continuity of these places made by famous people, and also the reason for their sanctity based on antiquity and climate.The result of this research confirms the fact that the fire temple is an indicator of belief in a deity among the Iranians living in Iranshahr, who, as a creator, guardian and breadwinner, bestowed the best and most meaningful promise of creation on his people. To make prayer and gratitude the top priority of their lives. The similarities and differences around the construction of these places indicate the basis of the mythological and religious archetypes based on the social classes of that time.
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
v.
2
no.
2022
103
125
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147330_915958ef0653f5816d23746474cd13de.pdf
The dynastic representation of Kavis and the Avestan historiography in the national Iranian tradition
A. Mani
Irannejad
Independent Scholar
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article
2022
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Kavis/Kayanids are amongst the most important building-blocks of the ancient Iranian culture. The Avestan texts reveal the royal character of Kavis. However, myths of Kauui-Usan/KayUs reveal a Proto-Indo-Iranian inheritance. It is argued that the Avestan texts hint to distinguishing legends of Kauui-Usan/KayUs not to be an integral part of the proper Kayanid dynasty. Also, it is argued that the house of Kauui Vištāspa of the Old Avestan period antedate considerably the proper Kayanid dynasty, which is to be placed in the Young Avestan period. The enumerated traits of the Kayanid dynasty in particular Kauui Haosrauuah in Avestan texts lead to an appreciation of their role in the genesis of Iranian nationality. The historiography evident in the Avestan texts and the place of the Kayanid dynasty in it make it probable that this ideological historiography originated from the Kayanids. In other words, unification of Iranian countries under Kauui Haosrauuah and victory over Turiias were seen as the ultimate encounter of dualism of good and evil mirroring the slaying of Aži Dahāka by Θraētaona. In post-Avestan period, KayUs who was probably the eponym of the Kayanids was diffused into the dynasty. Likewise, the house of kauui Vištāspa was thought of a minor branch of Kayanid dynasty, post-dating the main dynasty and similarly as national Iranian kings. As such, representation of Kavis as a continuous dynasty evident in the Middle Persian and the Perso-Arabic literature is an outcome of evolution of the oral tradition amongst Iranians.
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
v.
2
no.
2022
126
152
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147331_d56b132ce085c5189cb0fb5e6db90e7e.pdf
study trade in sasanian period
Zahra
Shekarian
Departeman history.Islamic Azad university. Tehran. Rey city
author
text
article
2022
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A Study of Business in the Sasanian PeriodAbstractDuring the Sasanian Empire (224-651AD) -which was established based on politicand religious centralism- not only they achieved success in developing theirterritory and suppressing the foreign enemies, but also there were significantchanges in the flourish of economy, commerce, international and domesticbusiness in this period. The Sasanians who inherited business from the Parthiansattempted to develop business by making some changes. The international businessscope of the Sasanians has reached Africa, too. In this period, the economicdevelopment was greatly indebted to the increase of the business in the East andWest which was done through trade routes of Persian Gulf and Silk Road. As twogreat sovereignties of the area, the Roman and Iranian Empire competed againsteach other to dominate the area’s market and the profit gained from the businesswhich was one of the causes of war between these two governments. During theSasanian period, the presence of the government in economic activities wasindirect, and they received significant profit from taxation, revenue, and tariff. Thissurvey introduced trade routes, commercial products and trade rules in theSasanian period considering domestic and international business. The survey isbased on library research. The studies show that the economic developmentincreased in this period so that the government could gain remarkable profit. In thelate Sasanian period, the increase in the tax rate caused some problems for themerchants and the economic development stagnated. However, the businessdevelopment in the Islamic era was indebted greatly to the Sasanians’ experiences.Keywords: business, commerce, economy, Sasanian, Iran, Rome
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
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2
no.
2022
153
181
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147332_767daf10e9d6e3ee4185e7153a73807e.pdf
Factors influencing the Sassanid state's confrontation with Jews and Christians
Behrokh
Jamali
Islamic Azad University- Tehran Central Branch
author
Fereshteh Alsadat
Hosseini Bojdani
Islamic Azad University of centeral Tehran
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text
article
2022
per
Due to its geographical location and historical reasons, the land of Iran has long been a place for accepting different ethnicities, religions and cultures. In this regard, the followers of Judaism and Christianity at some point in time made Iran a safe place to live. According to sources, with the coming to power of the Sassanids and the proclamation of Zoroastrianism as the official religion of the country, restrictions arose for the followers of the religions living in the empire.Our knowledge of the situation of Sassanid Jews and Christians is based on parts of the Talmud, Sassanid inscriptions, works by Armenian, Syriac, and Islamic writers, which, in addition to limited information, contain one-sided and sometimes untrue accounts of Sassanid treatment of non-Zoroastrians. . This study, using library resources and descriptive-analytical method, intends to find an answer to the question of what were the factors of the situation of Jews and Christians in the Sassanid and can only the religious factor be considered effective?Application of policies and religious tendencies of some Sassanid kings, influence of Zoroastrian clerics, recognition of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire, rivalry and enmity between followers of different religions for power, financial reasons, rivalry and enmity between the Roman and Iran are important factors and It affects the situation of religious minorities living in the Sassanid borders. Nevertheless, Jews and Christians, as part of the human and economic resources of the government, played an important role in Sassanid society and, despite their one-sided views, interacted with the Sassanid , except in cases and moments, so re-reading critically and away from prejudice. Existing sources and narrations seem necessary.
Studies of Ancient Iran
Dr Mansour Hamdollahzadeh
۲۷۸۳-۴۲۴۷
1
v.
2
no.
2022
181
207
https://www.historyancient.ir/article_147394_b5a0aab94356a958d47641dbf5d6847e.pdf